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)
subordinadas. Entretanto, a crise econômica, a ampliação da concorrência internacional,
o aumento de pressões do capital financeiro e do trabalho organizado forçaram as
companhias a reverem suas formas de produzir e a cortarem gastos. Os incrementos
tecnológicos ajudaram nesta tarefa, auxiliando na dispersão da produção por meio da
subcontratação de empresas terceirizadas, e o crescimento de grandes varejistas, como
o Walmart, Target e Amazon, eliminou a necessidade das empresas de arcarem com os
custos de distribuição de seus bens. Nesse modelo, grandes companhias como Apple,
Disney e Nike se preocupam unicamente em gerir sua marca, o design de seus produtos
e em contratar empresas terceirizadas que possam se encarregar de fabricá-los no
menor preço e tempo possíveis. Dessa forma, o gigantismo industrial ressurge em locais
com mão de obra barata, abundante e com baixo nível de sindicalização, como a China,
para atender justamente a estas demandas. A Foxconn é capaz de responder a diversos
pedidos de diferentes marcas ao mesmo tempo com seus mais de 300.000
trabalhadores, contudo, diferentemente do passado, dificilmente será exaltada por tal
feito, pois a exploração e precarização do trabalho causados pela Foxconn prejudicariam
não somente ela, mas também todos os seus clientes internacionais.
As fábricas ocuparam um papel crucial ao longo dos séculos XIX, XX e XXI,
celebradas no passado
__
tanto no capitalismo quanto no comunismo
__
como a
encarnação da modernidade, e escondidas no presente por não simbolizarem mais um
futuro melhor. Freeman reconstrói com maestria todos os altos e baixos do mundo fabril,
enfatizando o fazer humano multifacetado por detrás desse. É um excelente guia
introdutório para diversos debates já consolidados sobre classe trabalhadora e revolução
industrial, além de contribuir também para discussões em campos mais recentes, como
de desindustrialização
, por demonstrar, simultaneamente, como este mundo
__
que está
morrendo no ocidente
__
foi forjado e forjou muitas das estruturas (materiais e
ideológicas) contemporâneas. Embora os casos estudados forneçam uma boa descrição
do gigantismo industrial e de sua relação com a modernidade, é uma pena que boa parte
do sul global fique de fora da obra. Seria riquíssimo para o livro analisar casos de
fábricas descomunais na América Latina, por exemplo, local que possui uma relação
Os estudos sobre desindustrialização (
Deindustrialization Studies
) datam de meados dos anos 70. Eles
almejam explicar
porque várias regiões altamente industrializadas (sobretudo regiões do norte global)
sofreram com fechamento de fábricas, ou com a realocação de unidades produtivas para países do sul
global
__
especialmente nações asiáticas
__
nos últimos 40 anos. Num primeiro momento, muitas das
análises se deram a partir de um viés majoritariamente econômico, destacando a mão de obra barata e
pouco organizada sindicalmente das regiões do terceiro mundo como as principais causas do fenômeno.
Contudo, com amadurecimento do campo, o leque de perspectivas analíticas se ampliou, e atualmente
muitos trabalhos abordam não somente os aspectos econômicos que motivaram estas mudanças como
também ressaltam os impactos sociais, políticos e culturais que a desindustrialização causa nas
comunidades que se organizavam fortemente em torno do trabalho fabril.