Promessas de “desenvolvimento” para a América Latina
experts, cientistas e os projetos de cooperação técnica dos Estados Unidos (1949-1954)
Palavras-chave:
Cooperação técnica, Experts, CientistasResumo
Este artigo analisa os papéis atribuídos a experts e cientistas na cooperação técnica dos Estados Unidos destinada à América Latina no início da Guerra Fria. A reestruturação do cenário internacional que consagrou a liderança mundial dos EUA e uma noção ampliada de segurança promoveu o auxílio técnico a elemento permanente da política externa de Washington. Nesse contexto, a produção acadêmica de cientistas sociais e economistas, e a atuação de médicos, agrônomos e técnicos afins chancelaram a condução de projetos de modernização para a América Latina afinados com o processo de consolidação da hegemonia estadunidense na região. A fim de observar diferentes níveis de atuação de experts e cientistas no empreendimento da cooperação técnica estadunidense, formulamos três categorias que delimitam funções identificadas na documentação examinada: teóricos, elaboradores e técnicos de campo. A partir dessas categorias, apuramos a importância da produção de diagnósticos e soluções para o “subdesenvolvimento” latino-americano do pós-guerra no âmbito do Institute of Inter-American Affairs e do Departamento de Estado.
Referências
ACT for International Development. Mutual Security Legislation and Related Documents. In: UNITED States House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Miscellaneous Publication, v.1, 83rd Congress. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1955.
AYERBE, Luis Fernando. Estados Unidos e América Latina: a construção da Hegemonia. São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 2002.
BETHELL, Leslie; ROXBOROUGH, Ian. The impact of the Cold War in Latin America. In: LEFFLER, Melvin; PAINTER, David (ed.). Origins of the Cold War: an International History. London & New York: Routledge, 1994.
BLACK, Eugene Robert. International Investment and Economic Progress. Department of State Bulletin, v. 29, n. 745, p. 451-456, Oct 1953. Disponível em: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077177932&view=1up&seq=19. Acesso em: 01 nov. 2020.
BOWLES, Gordon Townsend. Point Four and Improved Standards of Living. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 268, issue 1, mar. 1950, p. 140-147
DEPARTMENT OF STATE. The point four program. Economic Cooperation series, 23. Division of Publications Office of Public Affairs. Publication 3347, Dec. 1949. Disponível em: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951p010925273&view=1up&seq=3. Acesso em: 15 jan. 2020.
EKBLADH, David. The Great American Mission: Modernization and the Construction of an American World Order. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2010.
ESCOBAR, Arturo. Encountering development: the making and the unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
FOREIGN OPERATIONS ADMINISTRATION. Report on the economic situation in Latin America. Office of Research, Statistics and Reports: Washington, 1954. Disponível em: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924013757822&view=1up&seq=7. Acesso em: 01 jun. 2020.
GILMAN, Nils. Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America. Baltimore & London: John Hopkins University Press, 2003.
HALDORE, Hanson. United States Organization for Point Four. The Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 268, p. 36-44, mar. 1950. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1027893?seq=1. Acesso em: 19 out. 2020.
HANSON, Simon. Latin America and the Point Four Program. The Annals of American Academy of Polical and Social Science. v. 268, n. 1, march 1950. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/000271625026800109. Acesso em: 05 out. 2019.
HEILPERIN, Michael. Private Means of Implementing Point Four. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 268, mar. 1950, p. 54-65.
HUNT, Michael. Ideology in Twentieth-Century Foreign Policy. In: HUNT, Michael. Ideology and the U.S. Foreign Policy. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press, 2009, p. 125-171.
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY BOARD. Conclusions and recommendations of the International Development Advisory Board: a report to Harold E. Stassen, Foreign Operations. Dec. 1953. Disponível em https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510025648123&view=1up&seq=1. Acesso em: 14 jan. 2020.
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY BOARD. Partners in Progress: a report to President Truman by the International Development Advisory Board. Government Printing Office. New York: Simons and Schuster Publishers, 1951.
KALIJARVI, Thornsten. Point Four in the Contemporary Setting, v., 68, ed. 1, Mar. 1950. Disponível em https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000271625026800102. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2020.
LATTIMORE, Owen. Point Four and the Third Countries.The Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 270, issue 1, p.1-7, July 1950. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000271625027000102. Acesso em: 24 ago. 2020.
LEFFLER, Melvin; PAINTER, David. (ed.). Origins of the Cold War: an International History. London & New York: Routledge, 1994.
MACEKURA, Stephen. The Point Four Program and U.S. International Development Policy. Political Science Quaterly, v. 128, issue 1, April 2003, p. 127-160. Disponível em: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/polq.12000. Acesso em: 02 abr. 2019.
OUTLINE of Remarks by Secretary Dean Acheson Before the National Conference on
International Economic and Social Development. The Point Four Program. Lloyd Files. The Harry S. Truman Library. April 9, p. 2, 1952. Disponível https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/outline-remarks-secretary-deanacheson-national-conference-international?documentid=NA&pagenumber=1. Acesso em: 30 mar, 2020.
PACKENHAM, Robert. Liberal America and the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. Disponível em: https://muse.jhu.edu/. Acesso em: 17 set. 2018.
PARMAR, Inderjeet. Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller foundations in the rise of American power. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
POSSIBLE Questions and Suggested Answers Concerning the President’s Technical Assistance Proposal. The Point Four Program. Official File. The Harry S. Truman Library. April 12, 1949. Disponível em: https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/possible-questions-and-suggested-answers-concerning-presidents-technical. Acesso em: 30 mar. 2020.
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. 10 Years of Cooperative Health Programs in Latin America: an Evaluation. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1952. Disponível em: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c2936282&view=1up&seq=11. Acesso em: 22 jun. 2021.
RIST, Gilbert. The History of Development: from Western origins to global faith. Londres & Nova York: Zed Books, 2008.
ROSE, John Kerr. Needs and resources of the Brave New World. The Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 268, pp. 9-21, mar 1950. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1027890. Acesso em: 24 ago. 2020.
SALVATORE, Ricardo. The Enterprise of Knowledge: Representational Machines of Informal Empire. In: JOSEPH, Gilbert; LEGRANDE, Catherine; SALVATORE, Ricardo Close encounter of empire: writing the cultural History of US-Latin American relations. Durham & London: Duke University Press, 1998, pp. 69-104.
THE INSTITUTE OF INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS. The program of the Institute of Inter-American Affairs. IIAA: Washington, 1949.
THORP, Willard Long. The Objectives of Point Four. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Aiding Underdeveloped Areas Abroad, v.l 268, p. 22-26, mar. 1950a.
THORP, Willard Long. Practical Problems of Point Four. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Formulating a Point Four Program, v. 270, p. 95-101, jul. 1950b.
WILLIAMS, William Appleman. The Contours of American History. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966.
WOOD, Robert. From the Marshall Plan to the Third World. In: LEFFLER, Melvin; PAINTER, David (ed.). Origins of the Cold War: an International History. London and New York: Routledge, 1994, pp. 201-214.
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Autores que publicam na Revista Faces da História concordam com a cessão dos direitos autorais dos manuscritos, processo simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC), que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista. Dessa forma, a Revista Faces da História pode difundir os artigos e trabalhos publicados, em formatos físicos e/ou eletrônicos, incluindo Internet.
